Naloxone, a medication that can quickly reverse the effects of opioids during an overdose, is being promoted as a vital tool in addressing the nation's ongoing overdose crisis, according to information released on June 16. The drug can be administered by anyone through nasal sprays or injections and is effective against both prescribed and illicit opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, and morphine.
Products containing naloxone that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are considered important for reversing overdoses in both health care and community settings. The FDA has recently approved a third over-the-counter naloxone nasal spray to help further increase access to this life-saving medication.
Opioids are used medically for pain management or treating opioid use disorder but also include illegal substances like heroin. Recognizing the signs of an opioid overdose is crucial. "Anyone—including family members, caregivers, or other people who may have to use naloxone in an opioid overdose—should be taught to recognize the signs of an opioid overdose and to administer naloxone," said Sokolowska.
When given soon after symptoms begin, naloxone usually causes the person experiencing an overdose to wake up within one to three minutes. However, its effects are temporary; repeated doses may be needed, and emergency services should always be contacted immediately after administration. Staying with the individual until medical help arrives is recommended because they could relapse into unconsciousness.
Some forms of naloxone are available without prescription due to state-level standing orders that allow pharmacists to dispense it directly. This policy aims at ensuring broad access for individuals at risk or those who might witness an overdose event among friends or family members. "Naloxone should be available to anyone taking opioids and to anyone who may be around people who are taking opioids," Sokolowska said. "This medicine is safe and very effective. It is also important to know that naloxone is not addictive." The FDA encourages people likely at risk—and their close contacts—to carry naloxone.
Sokolowska added, "Don't hesitate to administer naloxone in an emergency even if you're not sure if the person is experiencing an opioid overdose. Giving someone naloxone who does not have opioids in their system shouldn't hurt them, but it could help them and save their life."
