A recent study from Iran University of Medical Sciences has found that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical commonly used in industry, can disrupt important biological processes needed for embryo implantation in mice. The research, published in Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, examined the effects of oral PFOA exposure on ovarian hormone production and the ability of the uterus to support early pregnancy.
The researchers exposed pregnant mice to different doses of PFOA during the period when embryos implant into the uterus. They measured hormone levels, looked at changes in the uterine lining, and studied gene expression linked to how well the uterus could receive an embryo.
Results showed that PFOA exposure led to lower levels of progesterone, a hormone needed for preparing the uterus for pregnancy. There was also a dose-dependent reduction in pinopodes—structures on the uterine surface that help embryos attach. In addition, PFOA significantly reduced levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), both important for communication between the embryo and uterus during implantation.
"Our results show that PFOA alters several key pathways involved in endometrial receptivity," the authors conclude. "By reducing progesterone production, decreasing pinopode formation, and suppressing IL-1β and IL-6 expression, PFOA creates conditions that are detrimental to embryo implantation."
PFOA belongs to a group often called "forever chemicals" because they do not break down easily and accumulate in humans and animals. These substances are found in products like non-stick cookware, food packaging, contaminated water, and other consumer goods. Previous studies have linked similar chemicals with menstrual problems and decreased fertility.
The researchers note that more studies involving humans are needed but emphasize that their findings highlight concerns about environmental chemicals affecting reproductive health. "Given the pervasive presence of these chemicals in daily life," they noted, "understanding their role in infertility is essential for protecting reproductive health."
